Thursday, August 15, 2019
Political Aspects of Criminal Justice Essay
Introduction            A criminal justice system in any country is enshrined in the country’s executive branches. It is usually enshrined on the judiciary arm of the government and handles all criminal cases and decides who should be prosecuted. (Shaffer & Herington, p36-40) The criminal justice system is also entrusted with the structures that comprise the whole justice system. It comes up with the provisions that cater for emergence of new crimes. It also enforces the laws to make sure that everyone complies with them to maintain and enhance order in the society. The criminal justice system is comprised of all the justice systems right from the local to the national levels (Bonnie, p688).The degree of criminal offence determines the structure that should handle it. Minor crimes can be handled at the lowest level, for instance, by police who maintain order by arresting and assigning some punishments to the offenders and eventually releasing them. This system involves cooperation of the people at the grassroots level. (Alexander, p67-78)            Criminal justice system enhances internal protection of the citizens. Citizens are protected from the internal enemies who are out to cause harm to them. It also checks the excesses of the offenders and instills fear in them. This system has played an important role in tracking down criminals and ensuring that justice is done on the offenders. For instance, murderers, robbers, drug traffickers, rapists have been tracked down and put behind bars, thanks to the criminal justice system. This promotes security in the country and promotes the freedom of movement. People can move from one point to another without the fear of being held hostage, kidnapped, raped or killed. As a result people are free to pursue their common good and can even engage in money generating activities or other businesses that promote their livelihood. (Bonnie, p688)            Criminal justice system prevents war or clashes within a country. A sense of peace and harmony is maintained and hence they are able to maintain positive interactions. As a result, a cohesive society is created and everyone is able to pursue their businesses. (Neilstrong, p40-p40)            Criminal justice system has evolved over the years from a primitive era to an advanced era. The executive branch is divided into three stages at primary and secondary level. The three eras can be summarized as traditional (1776- 1899), transitional era which took place between (1900-1927) and finally nationalization era which fell between 1964 to present time. (Bonnie, p688) Traditional Era (1776-1899)            This is the earliest era of criminal justice system in America. It details the most primitive form of criminal justice system. During this time the justice system was devolved and people were in control of the most decisions affecting the country as well as the presidency (Shaffer & Herington, p36-40). During this time, the president was not in control of the country since decisions were made by the citizens. The community decided what problems was affecting them and prioritize them and finally came up with a modality on how to solve them. The decisions were not central, that is, left to the central government.            During this time, people were given proof on how their money was spent and therefore the executive would account for every single penny spent. The community based team which was in charge of solving problems being experienced in the community were prosecutors, police parole and probation officers, judges, church leaders, community residents and school leaders (Shaffer & Herington, p36-p40).These leaders were presenting the local community. All the decisions and plans were first handled by them before being handed over to the higher authority. It is worth noting that at this time the process of decision making was slow. This is because of the many levels that a court case had to go through before passing a judgment. The judgments passed were either very light or too harsh. For instance, slaves were beaten and tortured. Some even died in the process for committing very mild offences. There were no laws protecting them, and therefore they fell victims of abuses. If a slave was murdered by his master, no action was taken against him, he was not imprisoned. Unfortunately, it promoted a lot of evil against slaves who were blacks at this time. (Shaffer, p36-p40)            The justice system at that time did not cater for many crimes being committed. For instance, there were no legal systems put in place to punish government officials. There was detention without trial and in most cases some forms of dictatorship were evident (Alexander, p67-78). There were no rehabilitation centers for criminals and hence any criminal was either imprisoned and was not given a chance to reform and become a better person. The only advantage with this era was that it was not dominated by the presidency. People had a louder voice and were easily heard by the authority and therefore their needs were sorted out fast. The criminal justice system was felt even by those at very low levels. Transitional Era (1900-1927)            During this time, there were some changes being felt by the people. The devolution of the powers of the criminal justice system was not devolved like in the past. This era encouraged a more centralized form of government. The decisions began to be made at the top and gradually trickled down to the bottom. The criminal justice system stopped being too harsh on the citizens (Bonnie, p688). The citizens were beaten and locked up in the cells, and there were no developed mechanisms to investigate crime. Most serious crimes were left unattended and forensic laboratories were at the initial stages of development. During this time, however the taxpayers’ money was used to build better prison cells and therefore the torture chambers were done away with. It promoted fair trials and many people began to be prosecuted including the Whites. The cells promoted decency in handling human beings. (Neilstrong, p40-40)            The government began educating people about change and development. Proper government structures that deal with crime were set up. The people who handled criminal cases were more educated and understood the system better. There were open policies of discussion and leadership was promoted in all structures and systems of government. The leaders served as models to be copied by young citizens and therefore the justice system was streamlined. All the prosecutions were based on concrete evidence (Alexander, p67-78). The most evident thing about this era was that the criminal justice system was going through a process of change. People were hungry for better systems of government. They started to believe in the government since it was holding all the resources that they needed. They believed that only the government had the power to cater for all their needs. For the people to realize this change they had to give up some of their ambitions. Power without resources was nothing. Without the money and power structures, their money would always remain weak and they would not be able to guard themselves against enemies. The state was gradually being allowed to be in control. This is because all power was vested on it and they had higher control on everyone and every department. At this time prosecutors became generalists and started operating out of their decentralized offices. This way they were able to closely work with the police and the society on important issues that mattered most to the residents locally. (Shaffer, p36-40)            During this era, when people from all the corners of the country felt angry and isolated from the government as well as their representatives, then the better option was to move closer to the community whereby they felt that the community was responding well. However, the fear was that, the community could not give them much but only the state would. In America, some cities, for instance, New York began to experiment with the neighboring courts. The court did not only give out sanctions but also offer one stop shop for a number of services both social and economic. For example, drugs for treatment. This was aimed at coming up with solutions to solve the problems present at that time. There was proliferation of courts that dealt with drug cases in the whole country. This was a reflection of growth in appreciation and coming up with tailor made responses to answer to the concerns made locally. (Neilstrong, p40-p40)            At this level however, community policing was evident and people were responding well to the status of the government and cooperation was promoted in all areas. Nationalization Era (1964 to Present)            At this era all the decisions were made at the national level. The criminal justice system was centralized and all the decisions were made by top government officials. The presidency at this time assumed the role of Commander In Chief of the Armed Forces. The sitting president could not be prosecuted because he was the overall head. If charges were brought against them he gave a ‘no prosecution order’. This is called ‘nolle prosequi’. That is, he could not be prosecuted at any time. All the political decisions related to the criminal activities were handled by the state. The criminal justice system became more and more bureaucratic and lengthy. There was a backlog of cases since all the criminal cases were under one system. (Alexander, p67-78)            Nationalization era developed prisons and new ways of transforming the prisons was invested. Forensic laboratories were employed to investigate any type of criminal case. There were more developed and modern rehabilitation centers. Not any crime could land a person in prison. They came up with new techniques of measuring criminal cases. The people who were found to measure up to them were referred to rehabilitation centers to reform them. (Shaffer, p36-40)            The domination of the presidency and the desire to control the criminal justice system however promoted many evils in the state. For example many offences committed by the president have not been looked into due to his excessive powers. He is simply above the law. It also bred other evils such as assassination crimes. Most presidents have been known to assassinate their rivals if they pose a threat to their presidency. In essence, the presidency has abused the criminal justice system. All the powers have been taken away from the local government and it has rendered it a ‘toothless dog’ as far as criminal justice system is concerned. (Bonnie, p688)            From the nationalization era it is evident that the presidency has moved to dominate the criminal justice system on most of its issues. This can be explained from the excessive powers vested on the presidency. It practically controls all the other arms of the government, which means it is untouchable. (Neilstrong, p40-p40) The disadvantage with this situation is that it has on many occasions abused the powers and privileges vested on it. The presidency influences all the decisions made at the parliamentary level and influences the powers of the judiciary, and other organizations which oversee the work and activities of the government. For instance, organizations which are supposed to investigate the government’s unethical behavior. When investigations are made and concluded, they are never released. This is done to protect the image of the present government and the presidency. Offenders of such crimes are never made public. Despite the government having enough liabilities, it is always made to appear perfect and blameless. Nationalization era has bred very corrupt government officials. (Alexander, p67-78)            The US was not better in the earlier period. This is because; the state kind of government could not bring the resources closer to the people. They have very many states and a state government could not devolve the resources available equitably and equally. The federal government is therefore better and improved the economy as well as expanding the democratic space. The people now have more control of the local government and they can control the resources which have been placed at their disposal. For a country (nation) as big as US only a federal kind of government can work. A centralized state would encourage community policing which cannot be applied in the modern world. (Bonnie, p688) Conclusion            Despite the gains of a state government, I believe that for a growing state the federal kind of government is more desirable. This is because people can access resources faster and more easily. In addition, it is not cumbersome and neither is it bureaucratic and hence decisions are easily made faster and much more conveniently. Federal government is the way to go since it discourages crime at high levels of government as well as corruption. The citizens are more in touch with their leaders and they can easily express themselves. Works Cited. Alexander, S. Political Government: To What Extent Do Governments, Control Systems           of Government, Harvard Press, 2003 (P67-p78) 2nd Ed Bonnie, B. Community Criminal Justice: What Community Policing Teaches Harts       Mitch. D.C, Washington, 2004 (p 688) Vol I Neilstrong, B. Federalism and State Government: The Way to Go, Palgrave Publishers, United States of America, 2002 (p40-p40) Shaffer, S& Herington, C. Aspect of Good Governance, Harvard University Press, UK  2001 (p34-p40) Vol I 2nd Ed.
Examples of institutional racism Essay
Although subtler than it has been in Western society, IR is still prevalent as a social factor. For example, Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager ‘was unlawfully killed in a completely unprovoked racist attack by five white youths on April 22, 1993’ (Macpherson, 1999). What was disturbing about this incident is that the inquest took 6 years to be scrutinized and police refused to help Mr. Lawrence even though he was in a pool of his own blood. Police were also given defining information that could have led to arrests, and they refused to accept that information. When one of the attackers was picked out from a criminal line-up pool, the police suggested that the survivour of the attack, Mr. Brooks who positively identified the assailant, was at best, guessing. The police would later confess that one of their officers could not remember anything he was told and later when called upon to testify he indicated that he had no record of any notes he may have taken. Video surveillance of the suspected attackers caught them on tape boasting how they were going to ‘cut black people up’. The case against the suspects was dropped after the police claimed that the eyewitness account of the survivour was unreliable. Subsequently, they arrested Mr. Brooks while he was protesting the fate of his friend and police promptly charged him. A judge would later throw out the case. Seeking justice the parents of Stephen Lawrence attempted to further prosecute the suspects. However, when that failed they launched a campaign for a public inquiry into the way that police handled the investigation of their son’s murder. It was only then that the above facts became publicly available. After the embarrassment of the police service and a lengthy inquiry, this led to the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: The Stephen Lawrence inquiry gave rise to the study of police stop-and-search in London which follows on from a report published by the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS). The Interim Report presented the results of the first year of a programme of action to improve police searches covered by section1 of PACE (the 1984 Police and Criminal Evidence Act). The programme began in April 1998 and was implemented in seven areas of London – Charing Cross, Limehouse, Brixton, Plumstead, Hounslow, Kingston and Tottenham. The pilot sites varied in the populations they served, the main crimes they had to deal with and the number of searches they recorded. Over the year, each showed significant improvement in supervising officers’’ use of the power and in the proportion of searches which produced an arrest. (http://www. met. police. uk/publications/stop_search/report. htm) The perception of acknowledgement of social responsibility by the police and their creation of policy with regards to their policing standards has left many in the black community on edge. The black community does not trust police to act appropriately regardless of how they portray themselves (Macpherson, 1999). This has led to further conflict and clashes with police. Conflict theorists believe that conflict is a normal part of institutional practices. This approach to the analysis of racism proposes that the whole society, not just the police, still survives on the historical wrongs done to ethnic minorities and that the dominant ethnic groups seek to maintain the marginalized in positions of inferiority by perpetuating ‘sets of advantages or privileges for the majority group and exclusions or deprivations for minority groups’ (Rodrieguez, 1987). Institutional racism ‘is so embracing an operating principle that it no longer requires conscious or overtly racist acts to sustain it’ (Rodrieguez, 1987). The overt apathy that is displayed by police is inherent in control systems (Axelson, 1998). Further, the inability or lack of want to acknowledge that institutionalised racism even exists creates a veiled illusion that everything is fine. Another event that the world cannot forget is the Rodney King beating that took place in Los Angeles, California. Rodney King, a black man was severely beaten by a group of Los Angeles police officers. This unfortunate event was videotaped. When this event was dispersed to the various news agencies public dissent ensued. Los Angeles had riots. The whole incident led Mr. King to be awarded a sum of $100 million dollars. However, this award did nothing to quell the distrust of police by blacks nor has it substantially improved relations between blacks and police. Both are seen a necessary evils (http://archives. cnn. com/2001/LAW/03/02/beating. anniversity. king. 02/). Institutional Racism is Not Acknowledged The problem of institutional racism in the police force is not simply a problem of racist attitudes held by individual ‘bad police constables’ but exposes a deeper problem of the reliance on outdated police policy that has become routine in an apathetic way. It is only through exposing the results of institutional racism through such acts as police brutality, the lack of ethnic minorities in positions of power, the lack of ethnic minority business ownership and the lack of ethnic faces in mainstream media can resistance to the belief that IR exists and is a reality. A fundamental question arising from this is, â€Å"How damaging is it when media, schools, legislatures and other institutions call racist myths true? †The cultivation of an inability to voice, express or even acknowledge that institutional racism exists and more overt forms of discrimination are the basis of which the prevailing Western culture maintains its influence is denigrating at the least and a cause for riots and increased violence at its worst. This attitude and lack of acknowledgement that IR exists, creates those who are perceived as inferior, and they may internalize the other’s perception as valid and behave accordingly. The person perceived as inferior may develop a self-fulfilling prophecy in relation to this, until this cycle is broken. The effects of IR include lowered self-esteem and inadequate self-concept. The Pygmalion effect is a self-fulfilling prophecy where people conform to others’ expectations regardless of their true abilities. IR may become a state of mind and a set of emotions and values, and a set of behaviours. Institutionalised racist modes range from hostile domination to passive acceptance (defined as avoiding, ignoring or pretending to be correct and polite). In the social changes of the last twenty years, change, like the reduction of outward hostility has occurred, yet more understanding is needed before equal acceptance and good will can occur (Axelson, 1998). Institutionalised racism is an indirect and largely invisible process which can be compared with the glass ceiling. It is a term encompassing the often unintentional barriers and selection/promotion procedures which serve to disadvantage members of ethnic minority groups. Braham, Rattansi, Skellington, 1992, pp.100-120) suggest that widening our definition of discrimination to include indirect or ‘institutional’ racism gives a much better understanding of the barriers faced by ethnic minorities. Braham et al. caution that it is important to acknowledge the wide range of practices involved – some much more obvious than others. Rejecting the proposition that all institutions are uniformly racist, they argue that ‘the kind of procedures†¦ that disadvantage black people also disadvantage other groups’. The British Civil Service is a good illustration of the existence and strength of institutionalised disadvantage. A Cabinet Office report in 1995 concluded that it was a bastion of the white, male middle-classes, making it difficult for ethnic minorities to progress into its upper reaches. The report concluded that the main barriers to career development were prejudice and/or ignorance among managers and a lack of confidence among ethnic minority staff. These barriers were derived from attitudinal or cultural stereotypes which limited expectations and opportunities on both sides. Conclusion In conclusion, institutional racism as defined has had serious deleterious effects on culture and society. These effects are manifested in language, ideas, schools, language policies, economic stratification social segregation, housing markets, hiring and promotional schemas, ethnic minority’s’ psychological issues and ethnic minority access to a variety of social services and opportunities. The continuation of institutional racism, though discouraging, can be seen as a positive development from the perspective of the decline of the more overt forms of racism. However, the lack of knowledge or the denial of the more subtle forms of racism can be extremely detrimental to both majority and minority group members. Institutional forms of racism may include police practices, unemployment, housing and education issues, discriminatory practices and inadequate welfare programs. IR may rear its head through the decision by Western culture to arbitrarily decide what is socially valuable. People tend to take as valuable what is most familiar to them. Prejudiced attitudes can be found in many elements, including language, education, religion, norms of morality, economics and aesthetics. A mental and emotional connection of the majority group with superiority and connecting minority cultures to inferiority makes IR pervasive and difficult to eradicate (Axelson, 1998). At an international level, institutional racism may be considered as a product of colonialist and imperialist strategies. These strategies employ racism as an important element in the justification and maintenance of relations of exploitation and unequal exchange with subordinate populations who happen to be physically different. Research of racism focuses on the condition that the rise and fall of racial stereotypes and racial prejudice is closely linked to the changing historical relations between different populations and to the interests of dominant groups (Seymour-Smith, 1986). A clear assessment of the attitudes, beliefs, social norms and corporate culture is required of the institution if it is to recognize policies, practices and procedures that may be exclusive to ethnic minority groups. It is through asking, seeing and acknowledging that institutional racism exists will create a forum for awareness. The lessons of Stephen Lawrence and Rodney King serve as societal reminders that a subtle, pervasive form of racism does indeed exist. Those attitudes are so ingrained and accepted that they are our social norm. Our unwillingness to formally acknowledge that anything these beliefs and attitudes are indeed incorrect will create more tension and unrest. It is through the constant reminder and education that though the practice of institutional racism may be part of the social fabric, it is not acceptable. It is not acceptable because although it is believed to not exist or acknowledged, the consequences of not acknowledging IR are seen through the disregard of humanity as in the cases of Stephen Lawrence and Rodney King. It shall only be through the forthright acknowledgement that something is inherently biased in our social framework will IR ever be diminished and eradicated. References viewed January 10, 2006. viewed January 8, 2006. viewed January 8, 2006. viewed January 9, 2006. viewed January 9, 2006. Axelson, J. A. (1998). Counseling and development in a multicultural society. Belmont, CA. Wadsworth Publishing. Braham, P. , Rattansi A. , and Skellington, R. 1992. (eds. ), Racism and Antiracism: Inequalities, Opportunities and Policies. Sage. p. 100-120. Green, D. G. 2000. Institutional Racism and the Police: Fact or Fiction. Civitas. London. Macpherson, Sir William (1999). The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: The Report of an Inquiry. London: HMSO. Massingale, Fr. Bryan. 1998. â€Å"The Ethics of Racism. †Origins vol. 28, iss. 24, p. 26. Massey, D. S. , Fischer, M. J. (1998, December). Where We Live, in Black and White. The Nation, viewed January 9, 2006, . Myers, D. G. (1993). Social psychology (4th ed), McGraw-Hill, Columbus, OH. Jefferson, T. (1992). ‘The racism of criminalisation: policing and the reproduction of the criminal other’, in Gelsthorpe. L (ed. ). Cropwood Roundtable on Ethnic Minority Groups and the Criminal Justice System. Cambridge: Institute of Criminology. Price, A. J. (1997) Human Resource Management in a Business Context, International Thomson Business Press, Ch. 9. Rodrieguez, A. M. (1987). ‘Institutional racism in the organisational setting: an action-research approach’, in Shaw J. (eds. ). Strategies for Improving Race Relations. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Seymour-Smith, C. 1986. Macmillan Dictionary of Anthropology. The Macmillan Press. lastname, initial. 2006. I felt that a more comprehensive definition was needed.
Wednesday, August 14, 2019
Biography of Charlie Parker
Charlie Parker's biography Charlie Parker is one of the few musicians who can say that jazz has been permanently changed. He can play a very fast line, and if you slow down to half speed, you will notice that each sound makes sense. Charles Christopher Parker was born in Kansas City, USA on August 29, 1920. He was born on the Kansas side of the state, but in fact it was born from the Kaw River in Kansas City, Missouri. Everyone who intends to write a suitable biography of Charlie Parker must eventually master the essence of genius itself. Very recently, in the life of the great contemporary jazz saxophonist Stanley Crouch, the first volume of the long-awaited two volumes is close to a conversation with the William Biddy fleet, he is a troublesome guitarist, After he arrived in New York in 1938, he explored his own style and new concept that jazz may still be his teens. I like birds (Parker), I told the writer, This is not a person who has to write down, go home and study, and I will do anyone when I meet next time. I like birds Things will do it as soon as you find out what it is. The legendary jazz musician Charlie Parker was born on 29th August 1920 at Charles Christopher Park in Kansas City, Kansas. His father, Charles Parker, is an African American performing artist and his mother, Eddie Parker, is a traditional American maid. Charlie is the only child who moved to Kansas City, Missouri with his parents at the age of seven. Back then, the city was the center of African-American music, including jazz, blues and gospel. Charlie discovered his musical talent by attending a public school class. As a teenager, he played the school band's baritone horn. When Charlie was 15 years old, Alto Saxophone was his favorite instrument. (A few years ago, Charlie's mother handed him sax to help cheer his father after he threw away his family.) During school, Charlie began a band at a local club It was. The famous saxophonist Charlie Parker was acclaimed for Bebop's inventio n. Next to Charlie Park is Dizzy Gillespie (one of the greatest trumpet players in my life). Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker are praised for the birth of Bebop. In 1945, Charlie Parker co-starred with Dizzy Gillespie and founded his own band. Dizzy Gillespie believes that Bebop was the way to adopt the world of racism at the time. After all, they joined the 6 - night night club tour and together they made a new jazz style, bop or bebop.
Tuesday, August 13, 2019
Violence in Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Violence in Community - Essay Example The third need wold be the need for love and belongingness, followed by that of self-esteem and ego (Simmons, Irwin, & Drinnien, 1987). Last in this hierarchy described by Maslow would be self-actualization, which is only achieved after all the previous needs have been met. The need for security and safety hence comes around when the physiological needs are met to a certain degree. At this point, Maslow describes man as a safety-seeking mechanism, whose outlook in life and the world, both for the present and the future, is greatly influenced by this prominent need (Maslow, 1943, p.375). Given that the physiological needs have been met, the need for safety and security of a person in his own community is vital for an individual to then fulfill his love and belonging needs. Thus, when there is violence in a community, and a person is not confident of his own safety, then the actualization of the higher needs is hindered. Violence in a community especially that among youths can be lessened by implementing community health interventions that aims to reduce the prevalence of its causes such as alcoholism, drug addiction, the availability of guns, poverty, lack of proper education, and the list goes on. If these interventions are successful in their goals, an individual can then focus on achieving needs of love and belonging, as other needs tend to become non-existent as long as a prevailing need is not met (Maslow, 1943). Violence in the Community Violence has been prevalent since probably the beginning of time and has presented a big part in the history of the world. Every year, more than a million people die violence-related deaths, and a lot more endure physical, emotional, sexual, and psychological injuries from self-inflicted, interpersonal, and collective violence (Krug et al., 2002). Violence is "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation" as defined by the World Health Organization (Krug et al., 2002). The term intentional suggests that a person committing the act of violence is knowingly carries out this act and is conscious of the results of the act. There are many forms of violence. The World Health Organization has subdivided violence into three typologies: self-directed violence, interpersonal violence, and collective violence (Krug et al., 2002). However, for the purpose of this paper, focus will be given to the typology of interpersonal violence, which is defined by WHO as "violence between individuals, that is subdivided into family and intimate partner violence and community violence. The former category includes child maltreatment; intimate partner violence; and elder abuse, while the latter is broken down into acquaintance and stranger violence and includes youth violence; assault by strangers; violence related to property crimes; and violence in workplaces and other institutions." (Krug et al., 2002) Although the crime rate in America has already decreased over the past decades, the rates remain significantly high (Berman, Silverman, & Kurtines, 2000). In a study conducted by Berman, Silverman, and Kurtines, it has been revealed that in the children between first and second grade have already either been victims of violence (21%) or have been
Monday, August 12, 2019
Revolt on the Nile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Revolt on the Nile - Essay Example Therefore it is prudent to say that the Nile shocks had been responsible for most of the social instabilities that existed at the time (Chaney). Throughout history, it is evident that partly the bad economic times have normally given way for liberalization and room for democratic changes that had been witnessed before. Despite this fact, not all changes along the democratic lines followed this line of thought. This is because of the rise of institutions which lead to support autocratic regimes like the religion through the religious leaders. Such institutions worked closely within the social frameworks and in agreement with the autocratic governments to suppress the people (Chaney). This therefore placed the religious institutions in determining the balance within the society in the manner they operate. This does not though have empirical data though its acts have been on record and can be proven. There is therefore a negative relationship between the Nile floods and the actions by the religious groups. This is because during the Nile floods the religious groups became stronger and since they worked closely with the oppressive governments of the day, they lead to the suffering of the people. This was strengthened further as the high judge had no probability of quitting office during such a time when the Nile outburst their banks. At the time when the Nile experienced the shocks, more religious institutions were formed and became stronger. As a result the political power of the religious leaders increased. This power made the high judge wield excessive power and exert such influence on the social hierarchy given that the political power itself was a product of the influence they possessed (Chaney). The Nile floods caused an environment of social unrest where the leaders such as the high judge could swim through heightened political power.
Sunday, August 11, 2019
Business & sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Business & sustainability - Essay Example This section deals with the environment practices of Morrison Company with reference to the five stage model. a. Management Policies and systems: Out of the 50 reporting criteria, 12 are included under this section. Some of the important ones are management views on environment, existence of an environmental management system, environmental auditing, responsibility and accountability etc. The company has ambitious environmental protection policies included in its CSR report and some of the important policies are given. It may be noted that policies and actual performance may differ. The company proposes to reduce its carbon foot print by 36% in the coming two years. Energy saving is also viewed seriously and the company had invested 10m in energy saving technology. It is looking seriously at renewable sources of energy and reduced usage of water. Other policies include sourcing of fish and timber from sustainable sources, waste reduction, carbon labelling, fleet efficiency and fleet emission control in its fleet "We are committed to taking good care environmentally, socially and in our busi ness." (Annual review and summary Financial Statement 2007, 2007). b. Input output inventory: As many as twenty reporting criteria are included under this head. ... The group could also achieve a 9% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions during the past year. Their new head office in Bradford has a rain water collection and treatment plant. Morrison Plc also follows the practice of remoulding used tires thereby saving 675 tonnes of rubber. The company has a good record in recycling of waste products. 60% of its paper and cardboard waste was recycled last year. Plastic recycling was to the tune of 7% and other waste 5%. The total tonnage of recycled waste rose 26% from 128,000 tonnes in 2006 to 142,000 tonnes in 2007. The company has also managed a waste to landfill by 28%. Land filling by using domestic and industrial waste is a common practice followed by many countries. The main problem of using waste for landfills is contamination of the water table. A lot of regulations have come up regarding the usage of waste and Morrison's have taken this seriously. "The objective of the Directive is to prevent or reduce as far as possible negative effects on the environment from the land filling of waste, by introducing stringent technical requirements for waste and landfills." (Waste, Landfill of Waste, 2007). Another novel feature introduced by the company is the usage of compostable packaging. This type of packing is biodegradable and hence not a threat to the environment. Packaging is usually made of sugar cane fibre, wood pulp and GM free corn starch and has saved the company 27 tonnes . Package returning is another step taken by Morrison's. This means that the company is able to send back to the supplier the packaging used in transportation and this practice has helped the company to save 65,000 tonnes of cardboard. Package changing and redesigning is also another initiative
Saturday, August 10, 2019
The Painting 'Death of Elaine' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
The Painting 'Death of Elaine' - Essay Example The essay "The Painting 'Death of Elaine' " discovers the painting of Home Watson. Elaine died on a boat with a letter in her hands addressed to the man she loved enough to die for. She remains a true idol of love and the decisions that surround love. Her story inspired the artist Homer Watson to make a painting of her body lying in the boat and holding a goodbye love letter in her hands. Like any other piece of art, the painting tells its story. In interpretation of this piece of art, Thompson’s ideas on the connection of art with history are important. The painting death of Elaine is a unique piece, carrying ideological of history and the social group it belongs to, and expressed in a unique style. Many painting that were done in the ancient times are no more relevant. However, death of Elaine painting, done along time ago, is still a meaningful painting today. In fact, present day painters still borrow much o their work from this painting. Homer did a painting of oil on can vas. The painting carries a heavy message. Thompson argues that every piece of work links closely with the history. Each piece of artwork is unique and carries its message. He starts from explaining what the purpose of art in society is. He describes art as a form of ideological expression that seeks to answer the same question that scientists seek answers for. He explains that although art may not present scientific ideas that need practical approval, it serves to express the consciousness with which man reasons with at different times. Science seeks to provide a direction on how to live life. Art in its own unique way seeks to give the same direction (Thompson 217). Thompson illustrates that art can address two different aspects of social themes. It can address the beliefs, doctrines, or seek to handle propaganda that exists in society. In some cases, people think that some pieces of art lack social reference. Art can carry social ideologies that society does not yet acknowledge. Some forms of art directly address the ideologies that society appreciates. Thompson asserts that the indirect way of addressing ideologies serves better when an individual views art historically. He acknowledges that there are different styles applied in art. There are various forms each of them is predominant during a specific time in history. However, he realizes that societies advance at different rates. Therefore, each of the various forms of art belongs to a certain time in the history of that society. The ideologies expressed in art belong to a certain social group (Thompson 222). Different social groups have different ideologies (Thompson 220). Thompson argues that each form of art must receive an interpretation of the sociological and historical ideologies it carries. Lack of suck kind of interpretation separates the piece of art from the world of the artist. He adds that any form of art must reflect some cultural and economic aspects of its time. From such an analysis, Tho mpson then asserts that any piece of artwork carries its unique message. According to him, generalizations in art or continuation do not exist. Each artist does a unique thing relevant to his or her time. Each piece of art is important. With such an understanding, nobody should discredit any form of art or compare different pieces of work. In addition, there are no aspects of progress in art. Traditional artists did their unique forms of art at that time. Modern artists on the other hand, are doing something different and unique to their time. It is wise to appreciate each of work and
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